Ottoman Empire Focus On S Essays - , Term Papers

Footrest Empire Focus On S annon By the sixteenth century, the huge and strong domain of the Ottomans had arrived at the apex of its capacity. The terrains under Ottoman standard extended from the core of Central Europe to the deserts of Arabia. In almost each regard, the Ottoman Empire was solid and efficient. As such, it does not shock anyone that the individuals under Ottoman principle were sorted out in a slick force structure also. From the illustrious Sultan to the locals in the rayyah class, the individuals of the Empire each had a interesting situation in Ottoman culture. At the extremely top of the pyramidal cultural structure was the Sultan, outright leader of all, and agent of choices concerning governmental issues furthermore, state riches (for the motivations behind serving the state's advantages). A step beneath the Sultan were a little gathering of well off, regarded pioneers, who were credited exceptional status since they were basically the Ruler's slaves. The fundamental obligations of this select little gathering were to ensure and develop the monetary resources of the state to serve the Sultan and the Empire. These pioneers likewise administered and protected the remote Empire. While the Sultan contributed riches and the pioneers ensured it, the lion's share of everyday people, the rayyahs, had the assignment of really delivering the riches. The rayyahs needed to pay some portion of their benefits from industry, business, and cultivating to the state as expenses. Townsfolk, locals, and peaceful people groups made up the varied blend of the rayyah class. The word rayyah actually converts into the ensured group of the Sultan. While Ottoman culture was unmistakably separated into particular social classes, these classes were neither shut nor keeping, implying that with the legitimate traits and karma, a man could raise his societal position. For model, to be an individual from the little decision class underneath the Sultan, one needed to have the accompanying three characteristics: - profound pull enthusiasm and dedication for the Empire and the Sultan. - acknowledgment and practice of Islam, which was coordinated into the Stool way of life. - information and practice of the Ottoman Way, which comprised of complex customs, conduct, and language. On the off chance that a rayyah had these characteristics, he got an opportunity of getting one of the numbered pioneers. Then again, if a pioneer seemed, by all accounts, to be lacking at least one of these characteristics, he could simply be expelled from his position and sink to being a rayyah once more. The molding power behind the Ottoman Empire was undoubtedly the religion of Islam. Therefore, religion turned into a premier directing factor in individuals' lives. To keep up strict agreement and solidarity among the assorted Muslim and non-Muslim factions of the Empire, the rayyah class were given the option to compose themselves as they wished. What occurred next is that individuals floated towards religion-directed gatherings. The individuals of each significant religion and additionally organization sorted out themselves into narcissistic, self-overseeing networks called millets. Millets resembled scaled down states, that controlled littler municipal matters, for example, relationships, passings, and so forth. It could be said, the Ottoman Empire resembled the United States is today; an incredible central government that controlled from the seat of intensity in Istanbul, while millet state governments controlled over their little regions. The centrality of millets is that they shielded different people groups from conflicting excessively, since each social/strict gathering kept up a noble good ways from each other. It is not necessarily the case that the masses of the Ottoman Empire couldn't get along together however. The individuals of the Ottoman Empire were joined together through other basic interests, ethics, and standards, just as by an overpowering consistent steadfastness to the Sultan himself. Such was the amicable and composed society of the Ottoman Empire, the colossal domain that left its blemish on Turkey - and the world - until the end of time. Flawlessly sorted into one of a kind positions, every person in the Ottoman Domain had their own part to play in the public arena, a job to satisfy in request to add to the general achievement of the state.

Crosscultural communication and classroom ecology Essay

Crosscultural correspondence and study hall environment - Essay Example Prhps shockingly, it dos not mn trting ll qully. For xmpl, qulity of chance won't ncssrily b nsurd if thos who spk nglish s thir scond or third lngug r ssssd qully ginst thos who spk it s thir first nd just lngug. Th formr my nd dditionl cr nd tching if ssssmnt ginst othrs in thir yr is to hold mning. In this rspct, just rmoving obstcls from th pth of ll studnts my not b nough to provid ll with qulity of chance. Positiv ction (somtims rfrrd to s 'positiv discrimintion') my b ncssry. This involvs crting th circumstncs in which qulity of chance cn xist, rthr thn lving it to chnc. For physiclly-disbld studnt, prcticl chngs to th school nvironmnt r ndd (such s rmps instd of stps). student battling with ttntion dficit disordr cn discover this disdvntg diminishd or limintd if thy r sexually transmitted disease s clos to th tchr s possibl nd surroundd by positiv rol modls. For clssroom tchrs, thr r fw qustions tht cn b focusd on priodiclly to carry ttntion to th issu of qul opportunitis. Th gol isn't to work slvishly to th nd for qulity of chance however to dvlop nturl impulse for 'sussing out' whn students my b indvrtntly disdvntgd. This may b rsult of th work you hv skd thm to do or of thir intrctions in your clssroom. W ll hv prjudics - it's prt of intrcting with humns. Be that as it may, bing wr of your prjudics prvnts thm from dominting, or dvrsly ffcting, your tching). Cn you consider tim whn you hv unintntionlly discrimintd ithr for or ginst understudy Think session your prsnttion to clsss, th rsourcs you us nd th tsks you xpct of students. Cn you consider circumstncs in your lssons whn ll students would hv flt prticulrly mpowrd Might thr hv bn occsions whn som my hv flt dismpowrd Wht fctors may hv contributd to this Is thr vidnc of harassing or 'scpgoting' in your clss(s) r you ctivly bl to promot consideration (Mlon,2005) Hv you vr tlkd to your understudies session how thy viw qul opportunitis in your clssroom Dpnding on th g of thos you tch, this cn b n xtrmly ffctiv wy of gining knowledge into wht it's ctully lik bing tught by you. Do thy hv n id of wht it mns to b discrimintd ginst Tll thm how importnt it is tht thy fl includd nd providd for. Your profssionl judgmnt will tll you if thir viws hv bn distortd. Non of this involvs bcoming so proccupid with nsuring qulity of chance tht th tsk in hnd (I.. tching) gts nglctd. It is session bing wr, nd session mking subtl chngs in prctic whn ncssry. Th widr pictur of your tching nd not b ffctd. ftr ll, you lon cnnot b rsponsibl for qul opportunitis in your school. Yet, your wrnss of th issu could mk ll th diffrnc to th students in your cr. Th thnic mk-up of our ntion hs chngd, nd th mk-up of our univrsitis hs chngd, as well. W hv mor intrntionl studnts, nd our domstic studnts r vrid in thnic, socil, conomic, rligious nd culturl bckgrounds. Our activity s tchrs is to hlp ll studnts lrn, to mk th clssroom whr ll studnts fl wlcom, rspctd, qully bl to prticipt, firly trtd. It is vry importnt to mk ll studnts fl wlcom.In th minuts bfor clss bgins you cn crt informl xchngs with studnts tht mk thm fl lss nrvous or isoltd.B sur to mk prsonl contct with studnts from undrrprsntd gatherings so tht thy know thy r noticd nd wlcom.B xplicit with your clss tht you pprcit th divrsity of th studnt body.void trms tht cn sm to b drogtory or slurring.It is vitl to trt studnts s individuls.Don't strotyp studnts nd don't ssum tht womn won't do wll in mth or tht mn don't lik potry or tht thlts rn't intrstd in cdmics.Don't ssum tht studnts from

How Much Do People Spend on Fantasy Football

How Much Do People Spend on Fantasy Football How Much Do People Spend on Fantasy Football? How Much Do People Spend on Fantasy Football?Plus: How many work hours a week do people spend on their fantasy teamsâ€"and what percentage of players pay fellow league members to help them cheat?!With nearly 75 million people playing fantasy football all across the US, sometimes it’s hard to tell what folks like more: Watching actual football games or trying to crush their friends in fantasy.But playing fantasy football isn’t just about the sweetness of victory for most people, theres also the chance to win some sweet cash. So as fantasy football leagues across the country hold draft parties and gear up for their season, we wanted to know just how much money people are spendingâ€"and winningâ€"by playing fantasy. That’s why we conducted a survey of over 600 fantasy football players nationwide to get the skinny on how much they are paying to play.Our results found that people are mostly spending responsibly when it comes to fantasy football, with a median league buy-in of $50. O f course, responsible spending also means less exciting prizes, as players reported a median first place prize of only $350. Sure that’s nothing to sniff at, but it might just indicate that money is not the primary motivating factor behind playing. $350 won’t last you long while bragging rights last a full calendar year.Of course, for most fantasy football players, playing in a league means losing money. And for the vast majority of business owners, having employees that play fantasy football means losing money to unproductive work hours. To wit: A whopping 96.6 percent of fantasy football players surveyed said they spent time at their job working on their fantasy team, with a reported average of 6.9 work hours spent on their team per week. That’s almost a full workday lost!Check our survey results in the infographic below, then keep scrolling for some additional breakdowns, including a fun little behind-the-scenes story that led to our most surprising answer (click image to e xpand)How much do league members pay to play?In most leagues, players have to offer a buy-in in order to participate. The winner of the league then collects most of that pot at season’s end. Oftentimes, the second place finisher is also awarded a portion of the pot, while the third place winner is rewarded with having their buy-in returned to them. The size of the pot is determined by the size of the buy-in and the size of the league itself.When it comes to the average dollar amounts for buy-ins and payouts, plus the average number of members in each league, our survey results broke down as follows :Median number of people in a league: 12Median buy-in: $50Median first place: $350Median second place: $150Median third place: $50If you and your friends want to play fantasy football but you dont have a ton of spare cash, no worries! Restructuring your league fees is one of the ways you can play fantasy football without breaking the bank. For more, check our recent blog post,How to Cro wn a Fantasy Football Winner on the Cheap.Fantasy football drafts can be spendy affairs.While some fantasy football leagues simply hold an online draft, many others consider the draft to be an excuse to get together and party. Some go really all-out with it, but even the more modest drafts can be quite the affair. As such, league members will usually all pitch in money to fund the draft party as well as spend some additional dollars on their own food, drink, and transportation.According to our survey results, the average amount that each fantasy football player spent on their league’s draft party was $131. Adding in a $50 buy-in, the average cost of participating in a league is already at over $180â€"and the season hasn’t even started! Still, most of the costs with a league come up front, and the months of enjoyment that league members can get for their participation make it a pretty efficient spend.Players should rethink their draft strategy.There are currently so many fantasy football heads out there cranking out quality content that it can be totally overwhelming to try and settle on a strategy. Still, there is one thing that pretty much every expert agrees on: Don’t draft a quarterback first.The reasoning is simple. There are a lot of quarterbacks in the NFL putting up great stats, and there is only one starting quarterback slot on each fantasy team. Meanwhile, there are far fewer running backs with huge fantasy numbers and, besides, there are two running back and wide receiver slots on each team. Aiming for top running backs and receivers will put you at a far greater advantage than targeting a great QB.And yet, here were the results when we asked players which position they drafted first:56 percent pick a Quarterback first25 percent pick a Running Back first10 percent pick a Wide Receiver first3 percent  pick Defense/Special Teams first4 percent  pick a Kicker first2 percent pick a Tight End firstYikes. If you are serious about winning your fantasy league’s potâ€"or at least getting your buy-in back by finishing thirdâ€"then you seriously need to avoid drafting a quarterback in the first round. On this blog, we talk a lot about how people need a strategy if they want to take control of their finances, and the same goes for playing fantasy football … but a strategy that involves picking QB first is probably not a strategy worth following.Oh, and if you are part of the seven percent of players who drafted a defense/special teams or a kicker first, just go ahead and set your money on fire. Thanks.Punishments for finishing last weren’t too sadistic.The punishment for finishing last in your fantasy football league is a pretty good measure of what kinds of friends/coworkers you’ve managed to surround yourself with. Healthy competition is nice, but overly cruel or unusual punishments for last-place may be a sign that you should get some new friends or start applying for new jobs.Luckily, most of the punishments from our surv ey respondents were pretty normal stuff. Common punishments included:Buying drinks or a meal for everyone elseHosting and paying for a Super Bowl partyDisplaying a loser trophy of some kindWearing a rival team’s jerseySome respondents, however, reported forcing the loser to get a tattoo of the winner’s choosing. Wow. If this is the punishment chosen for the loser of your league, then we wish you luck. Seriously.A lot of workers spend A LOT of work hours on their fantasy teams.Having an office fantasy football league can be a great way to build camaraderie amongst coworkers. Unfortunately, it can also be a fantastic way to lose a lot of man-hours to your employees working on their teams instead of, well, their actual work.96.6 percent of fantasy football players who responded to our survey reported that they spend time at their job working on their fantasy football team. They also reported how much time they spend working on their team: An average of  6.9 hours per week.Given tha t the average workday is eight hours long, that means that the average player is spending  almost an entire working day per week on fantasy football. On the other hand, coworkers are also potentially getting extremely upset at each other over bad trades, close losses, and general tomfoolery … so really it’s a win-win?And what if one of those players turns out to be a big ol’ rotten cheater? What will happen to office morale then? You might think this isn’t a problem in your league, but judging by our survey results, the odds are definitely not in your favor.More players pay money  to cheat than we expected.Please enjoy this peek behind the OppLoans curtain:When we decided to run this survey, a few OppLoans employees had an impromptu meeting about what questions we should include. During this conversation, we got on the topic of how much money people spend on their  fantasy football team in total. One employee, who shall remain nameless, mentioned that a common expenditure in her experience was paying other league members in order to trade for their good players.The rest of us were aghast. This was clearly cheating. Staring back at us with a cold, dead stare, she replied that there was absolutely nothing wrong with this practice, that she assumed everyone did it, and that she felt no remorse. We decided to include a question about paying other league members for trades in this survey in order to get to the bottom of the issue once and for all.Well, judging by our survey results, at least some of horrified coworkers were actually lying liars wearing pants that most definitely on fire. An incredibly worrying 25 percent of fantasy football players surveyed reported paying other league members in order to grease a trade for a superior player. That’s one of out every four participants!In case you were wondering, our nameless coworker was very pleased with these results. The office fantasy football pool this season should be very interesting.If you enjoyed this piece, check out these other original surveys from OppLoans:Summer Jobs: Teens and Young Adults are Working (and Saving!) More Than You ThinkHow Much Would it Cost to Travel to Every Star Wars Filming Location?How Much Parents Spend on Their Kids State by StateHow do  you spend on fantasy football? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

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The Ethical Implications Of Providing Contraception For...

Recently a situation within clinical practice presented in which a 16-year-old girl who is on her parent’s health insurance would like to begin taking birth control. Over the last few decades’ minors’ rights to health care services have expanded vastly. In particular minors’ rights too confidential reproductive and sexual health care in New York state have made leaps and bounds. At what age is it appropriate to educate minors about contraceptive care in New York state? At what age is it appropriate to prescribe minors contraception in New York state? Do minors need parental consent to receive contraceptive care and counseling in New York state? The purpose of this paper is to research the ethical implications of providing contraception to minors from a nurse practitioner perspective. Throughout history the Supreme Court has struggled with minors right to privacy against parental consent in regards to contraception. The question in which minors have the right to sexual activity and the extent to which the government may interfere with these rights was established when congress passed Title X. With alarmingly high rates of teenage pregnancy and limited resources for minors Title X was passed and created a nationwide system of federally funded, confidential family planning services in multiple community settings for minors (Maradiegue, 2003). Today the profession of nurse practitioners continues to grow in a number of settings while providing care to patients across theShow MoreRelatedA 3000 Word Essay Identifying Two Public Health Issues Pertinent to Clinical Placement Area; Analyse These with Reference to Appropriate Literature and Research and Discuss the Public Health Role of the Midwife.4091 Words   |  17 Pagesissues pertinent to clinical placement area; analyse these with reference to appropriate literature and research and discuss the public health role of the midwife. Word Count = 3210 Health is a broad concept, which can embody a huge range of meanings, from the narrowly technical to the all-embracing moral or philosophical. A definition of health is a state of well-being, interpreted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in it’s constitution as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-beingRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesrelationships with other people, to adapt to change, and to cope with adversity. (by Healthy People 2010) It is an integral part of personal well-being, of both family and interpersonal relationships, and of contributions to community or society. How can nurses help families cope with the many conditions characterized by alterations in their thinking, mood, or behavior, resulting in distress and/or impaired functioning? Comes at different levels depending on the diagnosis and how it impacts that personRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 Pagesvulnerable and experiencing poverty and disadvantage (CYPOP 17) 243 Providing Independent Mental Capacity Advocacy (ADV 305) 246 Independent Mental Health Advocacy (ADV 306) 253 Providing Independent Advocacy Management (ADV 307) 259 Providing Independent Advocacy to adults (ADV 308)266 Independent Advocacy with children and young people (ADV 309) 271 Unit 563 Unit 564 Unit 565 Unit 566 Unit 567 Unit 568 Unit 569 Unit 570 Providing Independent Mental Capacity Advocacy Deprivation of Liberty SafeguardsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Innovation of Apple Free Essays

string(229) " breakthrough of mp3 and Discman player, it is easy to observe that Apple products like ipod and iphone, the feature is user friendly, such as users are easily to find the particular song within a minute among 1,000 stored file\." MBA A Case Study on â€Å"Innovation on Apple† Course Code : MBA Cohort 22 Lecturer : Mr. D. L. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation of Apple or any similar topic only for you Order Now Allen Student Name : Wong Man Pan Student ID : Submission Date : 18 July, 2012 No of words :3,092 1. Executive summary This article contains four main sections; in the first section, the characteristics of innovation Company are defined, mainly the ideas which follow Barry, John and Richard, 2011 and the overview of Apple Inc innovation would be evaluated based on the factors found. In the second section, the affecting factors in management (Amabile, 1998 ) and climate (Ekvall, 1996) based on Apple Inc would be discussed. Hence, two innovative companies such as HP and 3M performance would also be brought out . These three companies would be identified according to the three strategies suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011. Moreover, four actions framework from Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 would be analyzed with respect to one application from Apple — â€Å"Siri†. Finally, recommendation would be made for future development and challenge especially since the key man [Steve Jobs] passed away in 2011. 2. Content 1. Executive summary2 2. Content2 3. Introduction3 4. Five elements of innovative company – Apple Inc5 5. Creativity7 6. Managerial practices and organization climate for creativity7 7. â€Å"Siri† Four Actions Framework11 8. Conclusion and recommendation12 9. Reference14 3. Introduction Among the enterprises pursue innovation, Apple Inc is recognized as the most successful case. In 2011, Barry, John and Richard, 2011 conducted the survey and concluded that Apple Inc is the most innovative companies worldwide and the Exxon Mobil Corporation has been replaced by Apple as the most valuable company in the U. S by market capitalization. Always there is a misconception for most people, as heavy investment is the fundamental requirement to be the most innovative company. However it was found that Apple spend only around 2. 7% of revenue annually on RD, comparing with Microsoft whom spend 14% of revenue, there is a big gap. It implies that the findings from Barry, John and Richard, 2011- spending more on RD does not necessary drive results, the most crucial factors are strategic alignment and cultural influences that support innovation. Therefore, this article mainly focuses on managerial practices, such as organizational and environmental support, rather than how the investment was allocated. In the article of Barry, John and Richard, 2011, the innovative organization should focus on innovative strategy, effective overall business strategy, deep customer insight, great talent and the right set of capabilities to achieve successful execution, all of these factors are critical when identify the way of Apple Inc in performing innovation. Simultaneously, creativity is the inspiration of organization and it is easily affected by management and cultures. Two more innovative companies would be analyzed based on Amabile, 1998 and Ekvall, 1996, Apple would be defined as need seekers and technology drives based on Barry, John and Richard, 2011. Innovation would be resulted as strong identification with customer experiences and passion for products; this would drive the products with superior performance and quality. After the management and culture of Apple Inc is analyzed, one product – Siri would be taken into account to show the result of innovation based on the four actions framework suggested by Kim and Mauborgne, 2005. Although Apple Inc stands for the top innovative company, it is essential to review the strategy and make change especially when top management is altered. 4. Five elements of innovative company – Apple Inc In the article of Barry, John and Richard, 2011, it is clear that innovation is not determined by the amount on RD spending, the most vital factors are strategic alignment and cultures which support innovation. In this section, five elements issued by Barry, John and Richard, 2011 would be studied. Focused innovation strategy of Apple would be started from the key element in Apple’s approach to innovation (Walter, 2011), focus on where you think you can make a significant contribution recognized and it was further confirmed by Steve Jobs when he returned to Apple in 1997, Steve cut the unnecessary product line, minimized the number of developing products from 15 to 4. At that moment, only one or two new products were limited to launch into the market annually, it attempted to obtain the team power to concentrate on specific products development. Besides Apple Inc which only heavenly focuses on design and development, all the component and product assembly are outsourced, where it needs to share the profit with the supplier and the vendor, but Apple inevitably takes the largest portion. Effective overall business strategy is the combination of effective resources allocation and business model, Apple Inc, not like other electronic device companies, it is the pioneer to perform value chain integration. In the figure of Apple, 2011, it showed that only 40% of revenue is generated from the consumer electronic products like iphone and ipad, the large portion are generated from the Apps store and advertising agent. This means that the business model is no longer relied on buy-off product; it keeps the financial stability by ongoing sales from Apps store and advertising agent platform. The crucial point for Apple is that they do not need to invest tremendously on platform development as they are run by users and new apps are not developed by Apple itself but it shares the profit. This overall strategy is effective and sustainable to the whole group. Deep customer insight is defined as customer relationship quality, in other words, it is determined by products and services where customer orientated. One of the innovation strategies from Apple was customer eccentric; end users can not realize the needs until the products of Apple launched. The structure of the products chain is constructed by end users plus application, users get the electronic hardware from Apple which allows them to share and personalize their software of products through the Apps store and iTunes, and this also helps the group to diversify the income base. Moreover through the breakthrough of mp3 and Discman player, it is easy to observe that Apple products like ipod and iphone, the feature is user friendly, such as users are easily to find the particular song within a minute among 1,000 stored file. You read "Innovation of Apple" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, looking at the environment Apple store, it successfully created a fairly comfortable atmosphere for customers, where a number of well trained staff would solve whatever problems from the products and always equipped with well manners and technical support. Great talent in Apple Inc could be said to be influenced by the company key man – Steve Jobs, it is the dedicated person who make Apple as an icon of innovation. According to Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011, most of the decisions of product development came from Steve. Also he inspired every staff in Apple to design and develop the products by thinking differently and create an environment in which the people working in Apple would believe that they are better than the rest (Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011). In recruiting staff, Steve put a large effort and resources on selecting the most outstanding talent on hardware, software, design and management. In the mind set of Steve Jobs, he believed that hire people who want to make the best things in the world and innovation comes from passionate, dedicated people. Indeed, there is no specific RD team in Apple Inc, all the development is based on objective orientation, featuring the right person and forming the team. The right set of capabilities to achieve successful execution, although there is no variety product from Apple, but it provides a total package to the customer. Apple has all self owned necessaries in the execution which is included but not limited to electronic device, operation system development (iOS) and itunes platform with alliance with media company and apps developer, Apple does not need to rely on another company on the operations. . Creativity The presence of both individual and organizational creativity mechanisms led to the highest level of innovation performance (Sundar and Anil, 2000), it is essential to investigate the creativity in Apple, there are three components of creativity suggested by Amabile, 1998, they are expertise, creativity thinking skills and motivation. (i) Expertise means every professional knowledge that people acquired and perform in the duties. Information technologies is the main core of Apple, hire people who want to make the best things in the world is one of the key elements in Apple approach mentioned at Walter, 2011, it implied that there are many experts in Apple. Apart from I. T and design area, Apple also provides corporate service to different industries; the team of consultant is required to have a variety of industries knowledge in order to offer the total consultative solution in different area to different types of customer. ii) Creativity thinking skills are defined as the flexibility and imagination of people to solve the problems, many Apple products are originated from another companies, like ipod, the idea was come from Tony Fadell (Ping and Yuan-hong, 2012), after the modification of design with creativity thinking skills, the outcomes equipped the pocket size devices would be store 1,000 songs and quick search function that is far advance than other type mp3 players. (iii) Motivation  drives people to behave actively toward a desired goal and initiates, controls, and sustains certain goal. Apple  attracts and retains employees in part owing to the benefits, or expected and non-performance related incentives, it offers, such as product discounts or insurances, executives are rewarded by giving them a recognition bonus of 3 to 5 percent of their base salary. 6. Managerial practices and organization climate for creativity In Barry, John and Richard, 2011 findings – spending more on RD won’t drive results; the most crucial factors are strategic alignment and a culture. Inevitably, managerial practices affect creativity of whole organization, per Amabile, 1998 suggested that six general categories are challenge, freedom, resources, work-group features, supervisory encouragement and organization support. Apple Inc would be analyzed together with two more innovative companies in order to obtain a better understanding on the way management of Apple encourage and develop innovation within the organization comparing with another innovative companies. | Apple Inc| HP| 3M| Challenge| Apple followed 10:3:1 approach, 10 entirely different mock up of the new design is required to provide by designer, only three designs would be selected, then engineer would work on the designs before the final stage. Although the process is harsh and consuming, Steve Jobs would drop all the finished concepts at very last minutes. | Researchers are not limited to work in RD area; they can work across the different team and department on variety of projects like engineering and marketing team. Under the performance rating system, the salaries of individuals are determined by comparing with their peers performance. Salaries and promotions are tied to the product’s progress, for any new product, when the sales grow to USD5M, the product’s originator becomes a project manager, at USD20-30, a department manager, in USD75M range, division manager. 25% rules introduced: A quarter of division’s sales come from the products introduced within the past five years . | Freedom| There is no restriction in the brain storm meeting, team member of development team is free to express their creativity then pass the proposal for further investigate on the feasibility and effectiveness. The management philosophy of HP is mutual trust and respect for individuals, everyone can make decisions on almost everything idea which related to their research work. Staffs in HP lab have flexible working hours. | Staffs in 3M tend to be self-policing. There is no restriction for the staff moving from one business to another. | Resources| | Diversity network associations offer employees an opportunity to engage in professional support and networking activities. | HP invest a lot on its RD section and put RD as the centre of business. The resources are come from HP Labs Bristol and their big partner like UK government. It provides advanced office building and world class facilities for research staff to perform their technological work. The researcher would grant special research funds to set up new projects | USD 50,000 would be granted for the project pass the idea stage, a panel of technical experts and scientists awards as many as 90 grants each year. | Work-group features| Apple worked on the concept of informal corporate culture flat organizational structure is established. No matter the job post is high or low, they share the same open spaces for creativity. | HP lab consists of many small units, individuals take responsibilities and work together as a team. The lab operates a flat organizational hierarchy, only three layers of management, scientist, manager and director. | Every division are kept small, on average about USD200M in sales| Supervisory encouragement| Management in Apple especially Steve Jobs created an environment in which employees were encouraged to believe that they are better than the others. The employee also would gain the benefits in the coaching and mentoring arrangement. | With the trust and respect philosophy, the staffs do not have much interference from management and only simple regulations in the HP lab. Senior researcher would be assigned as a mentor for the new comers. Supervisor is easily be found in HP lab as they would participate in the regular coffee meeting and spending leisure time with researcher to get more idea on the on going activities. Tolerance of mistakes and all technical staff at coporate labs dedicate about 15% of their efforts toward learning and training programs in areas outside their responsibilities. | Organization support| Developmental program in Apple Inc is included 16structured on-the-job training. | Workshops and training program is opened for everyone. Renowned experts would be invited in regular public lecture and give talks to the staff. Recognized award in form of financial rewards would be encouraged to the staff that make par ticular contributions to the innovation, even the output is not suitable for commercialization would still be patented. 15% rule allows anyone in 3M to spend up to 15% of work week on anything they wants, as long as it is product related. Small meeting rooms allows a small group of staff from different divisions even customer to exchange ideas. | These six elements are similar to what Ekvall, 1996 suggested organization climate for creativity and innovation, and it plays an impact variable which interferes the results of organization operations. Based on the three strategies suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011, need seekers, market readers and technology drivers and then comparing with three innovative companies analyzed, it is induced that Apple Inc strategy is belonged to need seekers, with respect to the pioneer concept and ideas like itunes, apps store and siri, it satisfy the characteristic of shaping new products/services and being a leader to the market. At the same time, the technological capabilities allows them to have the whole product integration, range from operating system iOS to hardware, it would be also defined as technology driver. In reviewing 3M innovation and new concept is come from customer and market needs with incremental change to the products and being the fast followers in the market place, so 3M takes the market readers strategy. Finally with the advanced laboratory support and customer orientated, HP would be recognized as market readers and technology drivers. 7. â€Å"Siri† Four Actions Framework Creativity is easily found on every Apple’s product, the innovation involvement on one of the latest products â€Å"Siri† would be investigated based on the Kim and Mauborgne, 2005. Four actions framework suggested by Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 included (i) reducing factors which below the industry’s standard; by applying voice recognized analysis technology in Siri, it simplifies the end user key in process and reduce the hardware and software application. (ii) Creating the products that the industry has never offered; Siri offers accurate result through â€Å"Voice to result† to end users which is the pioneer to the market. (iii) Raising the factors above the industry’s standard; Siri allows users do not have any knowledge on computing which enhance the number of users from any background. iv) Eliminating the items that industry takes for granted, by applying â€Å"Siri†, keyboard, mouse and even touch screen would be eliminated. 8. Conclusion and recommendation According to the analytical result of the five elements on innovative company, managerial practices and four action framework on both Apple Inc and its product, it is identifie d that strategies of Apple Inc are need seekers and technology drivers, the products including but not limited to â€Å"Siri† totally reflect the result from individual and organizational creativity. There are many people worried about Apple future as the matter of fact that the key person [Steve Jobs] has resigned and pass away in 2010, although there is no immediately impact as innovation plan is normally lasted for 5-10 years, it is difficult to replace [Steve] who acted as spiritual leader and final decision makers in short period of time. It would be a golden chance for the company to readjust the policy especially on the decision making; the decision power would be distributed to different project leader by absorbing more idea from the staff and redefining the standpoint. It would enhance the freedom in the whole organization and it is easily recognized the importance of freedom to the effect of creativity from the analysis of HP and 3M. No doubt, [Steve] is a symbol of Apple Inc, he was not only CEO, and he was also a new product pitchman. Now when Steve was passed away, people included investor and consumer would unilaterally associate the innovation and advanced technologies are all gone simultaneously, the confidential level of Apple’s products would be dropped. To put a stop, it would be grateful that the message of team spirit and performance be demonstrated to the public by putting focus on how individual and team affecting the result. The new product presentation should be introduced in form of team which allows the public forget the past image of Apple but it is important that keeping the spirit of [Steve] eternally in form of brand image in order to consolidate the cohesion internally and externally. It is truly believed that Apple Inc is the most successful innovation company throughout the investigation base on theories suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011, Amabile, 1998, Ekvall, 1996, Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 and Sundar and Anil, 2000. Inevitably Apple Inc would face a great challenge as the change is necessary with the top management movement, with the best wishes on smooth passing the transitional period and sustaining the long established innovative image. 9. Reference 1. Barry, John and Richard, 2011: Barry,J, John,L and Richard,H. 2011, The global innovation 1000 why culture is key. New York: Booz Company Inc. 2. Amabile, 1998: Amabile, TM. 1998, How to kill creativity, Harvard business review. 76(5), pp. 77 – 87 3. Ekvall, 1996: Ekvall, J. 1996, Organization climate for creativity and innovation. European journal of work and organizational psychology. 5(1), pp. 105-123 4. Kim and Mauborgne, 2005: Kim, W. C and Mauborgne,R. 2005, Blue ocean strategy. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard business school press. 5. Walter, 2011: Walter, I. 2011, Steve Jobs. New York: Simon Schuster. 6. Ping and Yuan-hong, 2012: Ping,C and Yuan-Hong,L. 012, Comparison on innovation of high-tech corporation, Technoeconomics management research. 292(5), pp50-54 7. Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011: Purkayastha,D and Syeda Qumer, M. 2011, Innovation at Apple, India: IBS Center for management research. 8. Apple, 2011: Annual report 2010-2011. California: Apple Inc. 9. Sundar and Anil, 2000: Sundar, B and Anil, M. 2000, Making Innovation Happen in Organizations: Individual Creativity Mechanisms, Organizational Creativity Mechanisms or Both? , Journal of product innovation management. 17(6), pp424-434 How to cite Innovation of Apple, Essay examples

Silence free essay sample

Silence. A subtle ostinato of coughs begins; whispers fill the concert hall. Some guy breathes as if his trachea is seized in a death grip. Thousands of uncomfortable people shuffle. They’re conscious of every sound: every high-pitched ring in their ears, every low beat of their hearts. Meanwhile, the trumpeters are frozen, their lips silently kissing their mouthpieces. The violinists sit in suspended motion on the stage, as if space and time do not exist. The conductor stands, his baton ready, as still as ever. Those in the audience who know nothing of composer John Cage’s â€Å"433† fail to understand the silent symphony gracing their ears. It is a composition of no notes – only the seemingly insignificant rustlings of the concertgoers make up the score. As a violinist, I originally thought Cage was insane. I have spent years appreciating intricate classical melodies. Who would compose four minutes and 33 seconds of  ­silence? How is that music? When I first heard about the piece, I was annoyed that anyone would waste five minutes that could be devoted to sweet, melodic music. We will write a custom essay sample on Silence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was mystified by the piece until I realized that silence is one of the most important aspects of my life. Wordless moments – when the TV is off, when I’m snug in my bed with a book, when everything stops – are when I feel truly at ease. Every care or worry in my day dissolves like Alka-Seltzer hitting water. I’ve discovered that time spent in silence allows me to deconstruct my life and think about simple things. I realized Cage is the master of making something out of nothing. In music, I was always taught that rests are not empty spaces in a piece; they should be played as if they are notes themselves. Rests are not empty moments devoid of thought. They are moments to count, to breathe, to absorb the  ­impact of the phrases just played. Every Thanksgiving, my family starts the feast with a silent prayer – our own real-life rest. Every year we say our thanks then bow our heads. Since my grandfather, the rock of the family and most honorable man I’ve known, passed away nearly three years ago, silence has been the most meaningful language my family can speak. The silent â€Å"conversations† at holidays have taught me much about the strength and stam ­ina of the human condition. As we stand holding hands, crowded in my grandmother’s living room, lighting candles to honor the twinkle Papa always had in his eyes, silence is the perfect tribute for a powerful love lost. It instills more hope in our hearts than any poorly constructed words. As I begin to make the largest transition in my life, I will remember John Cage’s â€Å"433† when life seems too hard, too hectic, or too meaningless. I will sit in my own symbolic concert hall, making symphonies out of my thoughts, learning everything about myself in total silence.